It is characterized by a typical post-glacial landscape, formed between 70,000 and 10,000 years ago - moraine hills (the highest hill Osowa Góra reaches 132 m above sea level), drumlins (small, elliptical hills) and oases (similar to railroad embankments - formed in glacier crevasses). There is a part of Poland's longest 374-kilometer-long Bukovo-Mosinskiy escarpment, as well as dunes and gutters (gouged out by the Gruzdy glacier), lemmas (oval-shaped hills), numerous erratic boulders. With 12 glacial lakes, including Budzynskie, Góreckie (with 2 islands), Skrzynka, Kociołek. Almost all of the Park's lakes are mineral-rich eutrophic lakes. They contain a variety of aquatic and swamp plant communities. Farthest from the shore, fully submerged plants develop, such as: tussock tussock, stiff hornwort, many species of pondweed. Closer to the shores are communities of plants with floating leaves, which include a group of water lilies with yellow water lily and white water lily and white water lily. The shores of the lakes are occupied by rushes, composed of such species as lake witch hazel, narrow-leaved and broad-leaved clubmoss, common reed and common calamus. Different vegetation is found at Lake Skrzynka, the only dystrophic (mineral-poor) lake in the Park. Peat bog communities are concentrated here, which encroach on the surface of the lake with a dense blanket, causing it to become overgrown. The park also has meadows, one of the most beautiful of which are the colorful Molinia meadows. This rich assemblage of alluvial landscape forms, collected in a relatively small area, Professor Adam Wodziczko (the first proponent of the creation of a national park in this area), called a real museum of post-glacial forms.The nature of the Park is endangered due to the proximity of Poznan and its industry. The hailstorm of dandelions in 1982-84 also had an unfavorable impact.Since pine stands grow mainly on loess habitats, there is a need for intensive reconstruction of the Park's forests (which is being carried out quite heavily now on the basis of natural regeneration). It is expected that by the end of the century pine will no longer be the dominant species. Alien species, introduced in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as red oak, Banks pine, Wejmutka pine are also gradually being removed, The Park has a Natural History Museum at 1 Wczasowa Street in Puszczykowo and a scientific institution. Within the Park, 34 trees and 1 erratic boulder (Foresters' Boulder) have been protected as nature monuments. In the Park were designated 5 tourist trails with a total length of 81 km. Greater Poland - a historical land in western and central Poland, located mainly in the Warta River basin and partially in the middle Odra and lower Vistula. Physico-geographically, Wielkopolska comprises three regions: to the north the Greater Poland Lake District , to the south the Leszno Lake District and the Greater Poland Lowlands, as well as the southern part of the Pomeranian Lake District, the central part of the Torun-Eberswaldzka Proglacial Valley, the eastern part of the Lubuskie Lake District, the Warta-Odra Proglacial Valley and the Milicz-Glogowski Depression. In the 9th-10th centuries, the area was the territory of the Polanian state with a center in Gniezno. At the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries it was known as Moior Polonia i.e. Great Poland. Vegetation The area of the park was found to contain about 1100 species of vascular plants, 200 species of bryophytes, 150 species of lichens, 350 species of algae, 400 species of higher fungi. The main element of the flora is made up of Eurasian species, including Scots pine (its share in the forests is 70%), as well as numerous undergrowth plants, such as: common quadroon or lily of the valley, and Central European species, such as: common oak, common hornbeam, foxglove, white foxglove. Of the northern plants, we can mention the northern winterberry - a relic of the ice age. The influence of the mild, humid climate of Western Europe is marked by the presence of species with an Atlantic character: honeysuckle of Pomerania, common anthracnose, fennel. Among the plants associated with the mild climate is also a rare tree - the rowan tree, the so-called buzzard. Poor podzolic soils are overgrown with pine forests and pine-oak mixed forests. On richer brown soils grow, among others, acid oaks, oak-hornbeam forests (oak-hornbeam forests), and on warmer habitats light oaks. Moist and fertile black earth near lakes and watercourses is occupied by elm-ash riparian forests, while swampy areas are occupied by alder forests with black alder prevailing, as well as thickets of shrubby willows and buckthorn. Almost all of the park's lakes belong to the mineral-rich so-called eutrophic lakes. They contain a variety of aquatic and swamp plant communities. Different vegetation is found on the park's only dystrophic (mineral-poor) Lake Skrzynka, where peat bog communities are concentrated, which, with a dense blanket, encroach on the surface of the lake, causing it to become overgrown. Animals The park's fauna is characterized by a wealth of species belonging to various systematic groups. The richest is the invertebrate fauna, among which insects are the most abundant, numbering more than 3,000 species. Forests abound in beetles. Among them there are both protected species (stag beetle, goatsucker) and dangerous pests of forest trees (including pests of pine - greater cetacean, lesser cetacean, pomegranate weevil and striped woodruff). Rich is the world of arachnids. Of the more interesting species, the striped tiger was found, the largest representative of the cruciferous family in Poland, as well as the topic spider - the only species in the country that spends its entire life underwater. The lakes are home to numerous perch, bream, tench, pike and eels. The park is home to all species of amphibians found in Poland's lowland areas, as well as 5 species of reptiles: gniewosz, grass snake, blindworm, sand lizard and viviparous lizard. Birds in the park are represented by about 190 breeding and migratory species. Of the rare ones, mention should be made of the crake, kingfisher and black woodpecker. Of birds of prey, the black kite can be spotted among the forests and meadows, the common buzzard near the fields, and the marsh harrier near the marshes. There are more than 40 species of mammals in the park, including shrews and numerous species of bats. Material culture and tourism The most valuable monuments in the park include the wooden church in Lodz from the 17th century, as well as churches in Puszczykowo, Steszew and Wira. In Szreniawa and Trzebaw, 19th-century mansions have been preserved. Another interesting site is the ruins of a castle built in 1827 by Tytus Dzialynski on Castle Island on Lake Góreckie. The park is visited by more than a million tourists a year. Five marked hiking trails run through its territory. Seven excursion routes have been designated, allowing visitors to get to know not only the natural, but also the cultural values of the area. The richness of the park's flora and fauna is represented by an exhibition at the Museum and Didactic Center of the Wielkopolska National Park in Jeziory
04.07.2013
